Hydrogen Bond Definition and Examples

Most people are comfortable with the idea of ionic and covalent bonds, yet unsure about what hydrogen bonds are, how they form, and why they are important. Key Takeaways: Hydrogen Bonds A hydrogen bond is an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds. One of the atoms is hydrogen, while the other may be any electronegative atom, such as oxygen, chlorine, or fluorine.Hydrogen bonds may form between atoms within a molecule or between two separate molecules.A hydrogen bond is weaker than an ionic bond or a covalent bond, but stronger than van der Waals forces.Hydrogen bonds play an important role in biochemistry and produce many of the unique properties of water. Hydrogen Bond  Definition A hydrogen bond is a type of attractive (dipole-dipole) interaction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom. This bond always involves a hydrogen atom. Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules or within parts of a single molecule. A hydrogen bond tends to be stronger than van der Waals forces, but weaker than covalent bonds or ionic bonds. It is about 1/20th (5%) the strength of the covalent bond formed between O-H. However, even this weak bond is strong enough to withstand slight temperature fluctuation. But the Atoms Are Already Bonded How can hydrogen be attracted to another atom when it is already bonded? In a polar bond, one side of the bond still exerts a slight positive charge, while the other side has a slight negative electrical charge. Forming a bond doesnt neutralize the electrical nature of the participant atoms. Examples of Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonds are found in nucleic acids between base pairs and between water molecules. This type of bond also forms between hydrogen and carbon atoms of different chloroform molecules, between hydrogen and nitrogen atoms of neighboring ammonia molecules, between repeating subunits in the polymer nylon, and between hydrogen and oxygen in acetylacetone. Many organic molecules are subject to hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bond: Help bind transcription factors to DNAAid antigen-antibody bindingOrganize polypeptides into secondary structures, such as alpha helix and beta sheetHold together the two strands of DNABind transcription factors to each other Hydrogen Bonding in Water Although hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen and any other electronegative atom, the bonds within water are the most ubiquitous (and some would argue, the most important). Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules when the hydrogen of one atom comes between the oxygen atoms of its own molecule and that of its neighbor. This happens because the hydrogen atom is attracted to both its own oxygen and other oxygen atoms that come close enough. The oxygen nucleus has 8 plus charges, so it attracts electrons better than the hydrogen nucleus, with its single positive charge. So, neighbor oxygen molecules are capable of attracting hydrogen atoms from other molecules, forming the basis of hydrogen bond formation. The total number of hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules is 4. Each water molecule can form 2 hydrogen bonds between oxygen and the two hydrogen atoms in the molecule. An additional two bonds can be formed between each hydrogen atom and nearby oxygen atoms. A consequence of hydrogen bonding is that hydrogen bonds tend to arrange in a tetrahedron around each water molecule, leading to the well-known crystal structure of snowflakes. In liquid water, the distance between adjacent molecules is larger and the energy of the molecules is high enough that hydrogen bonds are often stretched and broken. However, even liquid water molecules average out to a tetrahedral arrangement. Because of hydrogen bonding, the structure of liquid water becomes ordered at lower temperature, far beyond that of other liquids. Hydrogen bonding holds water molecules about 15% closer than if the bonds werent present.  The bonds are the primary reason water displays interesting and unusual chemical properties. Hydrogen bonding reduces extreme temperature shifts near large bodies of water.Hydrogen bonding allows animals to cool themselves using perspiration because such a large amount of heat is needed to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules.Hydrogen bonding keeps water in its liquid state over a wider temperature range than for any other comparable-sized molecule.The bonding gives water an exceptionally high heat of vaporization, which means considerable thermal energy is needed to change liquid water into water vapor. Hydrogen bonds within heavy water are even stronger than those within ordinary water made using normal hydrogen (protium). Hydrogen bonding in tritiated water is stronger still.

Language, Gender, and Culture in Society - 1690 Words

In many circles of the world, various groups of people distinguish themselves from one another through religion, language, culture, and sometimes gender. People also develop stereotypes about a particular group of people in order to identify them. However, most of the time, these stereotypes hold true for only some members of a group. Sometimes, these stereotypes are just plain misconceptions that do not even apply to the group it claims to. Stereotypes are placed on people because it is a way to easily identify what type of person or ethnicity an individual is. At one point in time, these stereotypes may have been true; however, in today’s modern society, most of these stereotypes are outdated and false, which leads them to turn into†¦show more content†¦He knows nothing of their ideals, philosophies, or their views on a particular subject. College dropouts are treated as low on the intellectual scale, which leads to people treating them as such; however, this premat ure assumption has no truth to it. Many of the entrepreneurs and technological innovators we have today started making strides in technology before even attending college. Some start as early as 16 or in their late teens. Bill Gates and the late Steve Jobs are just the more well-known entrepreneurs, who changed the role that technology plays in our lives without the possession of a college degree or even a full college education. Another successful entrepreneur, who dropped out of school at the young age of sixteen and went on to become a millionaire when he sold two advertising companies by the age of 25 for $340 million, is Gurbaksh Chahal. He was able to achieve this using his own ideas and intelligence. In the book, The Dream: How I Learned the Risks and Rewards of Entrepreneurship and Made Millions, Chahal explains, â€Å" People tend to think that in order to start a new business they have to come up with something new and dazzling, but that’s a myth-and it’s of ten propagated by venture capitalists† (Chahal 59). This quote supports the claim that who people perceive to be intelligent and successful is not always determined by a college degree. He continues by saying that companies are obsessed with what makes someone’s business unique and unrelated toShow MoreRelatedThe Australian and Chinese Cultures: A Comparative Analysis623 Words   |  3 Pagesworlds most multicultural societies. Therefore, it can be difficult to pinpoint what being Australian really is, or to define Australian culture. The best way to approach an analysis of Australian culture may be to compare it with another culture. Chinese culture is equally as complex and diverse as Australian culture, as both countries have a large variety of ethnic groups within their borders. However, in terms of the many aspects of culture such as meaning, language, human activity, lifestyleRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence Against Women On North American Society1663 Words   |   7 PagesQuestion: How do social norms contribute to the persistence of violence against women in North American society? Inter-disciplinary approach There are many factors that contribute to violence against women. There are obvious factors such as substance abuse by both the abused or the abuser that lead to violence. Cycles of poverty and the stresses that come with economic struggle are known factors in violence as well. Economic struggles inside and outside of the home are stresses and not only doesRead MoreThe Affect of Cultural Ideology on The Way We Perceive Images1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe Affect of Cultural Ideology on The Way We Perceive Images The relationship between language and image provides us with the means to seek the roots of our own ideas. In the essay, When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision, written by Adrienne Rich, she uses varying images in her poetry to describe women and the voice open the window into her self-perception and how cultural ideologies change. John Berger writes in, Ways of Seeing that the relationship between the image and the personRead MoreGender Is A Social Construct Rather Than Of Biological Origin1732 Words   |  7 Pages Gender is a social construct which is regarded as a sociolinguistic variable that affects language use in society. This contributed to characterizing many different aspects of life that were thought to be understood to be of social construct rather than of biological origin. Language as a crucial communication tool, not only reflects the reality of the society, but also has various functions to strengthen and maintain social existence. Males and females use different ways of thinking, processingRead MoreGender Roles, Culture And Instrumental Talk822 Words   |  4 PagesI was reading chapter 2, culture and gender, I thought it was very interesting learning about all the different types of cultures. Before reading this chapter, I thought that every country had their own fluent language, but I learned that some countries have several languages that are used. The book says that there are about 7,100 different languages in the world today. Some only having 100 people speaking fluent, it is amazing that there are that many different languages around the world today. TheRead MoreWeek 1 Sociology Notes1548 Words   |  7 Pagestheir society. Sociologists will look at how income, jobs, education, gender. age. and race affect people’s ideas and behavior. Summarize the main points of Karl Marx’s theory of class conflict. Karl Marx’s class conflict theory states that the bourgeoisie (or the capitalists) are locked in conflict with the proletariat (the exploited workers). Marx believed that this conflict could only end when the working class united and violently broke free of the â€Å"bondage†. Once this happens, society willRead MoreCultural Values Of Cultures, Navajo, Laguna, And Euro American Culture1003 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent cultures; Navajo, Laguna, and Euro-American culture. Two of the cultures that I will be exploring are the Native communities that I have been well exposed to since I was a child. The values that I will be discussing are gender, education, and money. Growing up on a reservation in New Mexico, I have a closer insight on the similarities and differences of those values. The first value I will be analyzing is gender. Gender is a topic that varies in every culture. The idea is gender has changedRead MoreAnthropology Is The Comparative Study Of Human Societies, Cultures And Their Development Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropology is the comparative study of human societies, cultures and their development. There is a need to understand various human aspects both in the past and in the present which has led to a massive growth in the field. Cultural anthropology specifically analyses the norms and the values of societies (Bodley, 4). Anthropologist should have a strong understanding of the interactions that exist between human beings and their environment. It is important for anthropologist to carry out case studiesRead MoreEssay On Social Interaction1338 Words   |  6 PagesIn our society, we face various aspects and levels of social interaction. For the purposes of this paper, the focus will be on specifically, Gender and Language, Nonverbal co mmunication, Status, and Humor. Social interaction is the way people talk and act with each other and various structures in society. It may include the interactions such as family or bureaucracies that are formed out of the need to create order within the interaction itself (Wikipedia, 2017). This paper will illustrate the importanceRead MoreHow A Women Should Behave As Oppose Of A Man1230 Words   |  5 PagesIn our society we have different views of how a women should behave as oppose to a man. The issue is that the majority of our population views one side as being the correct way to describe a man, or a women, and will counteract to any others perspectives that do not match with the standard view of gender. But how did we begin to adapt to these gender roles? In most cases, the people who raised us will have the most influence on how we categorize a women and a man. A girl or a boy will learn the â€Å"appropriate†

Dog Meat Trade Essay Sample free essay sample

Hi everybody. my name is melanie from wiki wiki Washington Washington. Today I’m traveling to portion with you guys on a recent article from the Sunday Times about the Dog Meat Trade. The rubric of the article is Dogs End up in cooking pot at CNY. During the gay season. Canis familiariss smuggling went up as it was said that Canis familiaris meat conveying good fortune and medicative qualities to them. It is estimated that people eat 20 million Canis familiariss in China. 2 million Canis familiariss in South Korea and 5 million in Vietnam. Dogs of all strains are bought. bartered or stolen largely in Thailand. They are sometimes sedated. packed into plastic poulet coops concealed below the floor boards of the pick-up trucks destined for the eating houses in Vietnam. I chose this article because I personally own a Canis familiaris and I felt that such dog trading is unethical and a signifier of inhuman treatment to animate beings particularly when Canis familiariss are besides deem as a man’s best friend. We will write a custom essay sample on Dog Meat Trade Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Canis familiariss are hit over the caput. stabbed in the cervix and bled out. hanged and beaten alive or electrocuted. Some Canis familiariss are thrown into boiling H2O while they are still alive. Some are intentionally slaughtered in forepart of other Canis familiariss. to increase their fright and emphasis degree. to hike the epinephrine and therefore heighten the spirit in their meat. Actual physical anguish and shed blooding them out easy are everyday methods used for this intent. The agony of the Canis familiariss is bosom twisting. Dogs bred for the meat trade perchance will pass their full lives in wire coops. They are frequently caged tightly and maintain in overcrowded and insanitary conditions. They do non experience what walking on the land is like. they don’t acquire to mix with other Canis familiariss other than those cramped in coops beside them ; they suffer summer heat and stop deading winters out-of-doorss ; they are non given H2O or suited nutrient ; they get no exercising ; some even have their tympanums burst to forestall them from barking – every natural inherent aptitude they have is disturbed by the inhumane and Byzantine conditions they mu st populate under. Fortunately there are carnal militants who disagree with such trade who portion information through the STOP DOG MEAT TRADE Facebook page who are up against traditional patterns and beliefs. apathy. corruptness and greed. Most of the universe views Canis familiariss as sure comrades. but in Asia. 1000000s of them are still consumed for meat. If you are an carnal lover or even if you are non. any individual with a scruples would non wish to hold an guiltless Canis familiaris stoping up in the Canis familiaris meat trade. The moral of the narrative is that cultural patterns are cultural patterns and they vary from civilisation to civilisation. but it should non be an alibi to inhuman treatment.

Snow Review Essay Example

Snow Review Paper Essay on Snow Well, firstly, long and long. Lyrical works impressed at first, but eventually get bored as the jammed plate. Sympathy did not cause any hero. Local Islamists (including this Ladzhivert) because first, they fully comply with the description of Western patterns in this respect: Close, hard-nosed in their religion, the poor and aggressive then it turns out that they are innocent as children (or almost so), but then why hard podtvrezhdat initial reputation? Organizers described in Kars coup unpleasant nearly for the same reasons: narrow-minded, hard-nosed, aggressive. And their head with their claims in the arts in general causes only confusion. And throw loud phrases, without offering any solutions existing problems. Glavgeroy has a soft-hearted as discreetly expressed by the author. In fact, he frank fool who does not know what he wants, but, staggering through the city, finds adventure in one place. He will go wherever, clear in advance, do not go, definitely got involved in matters that do not concern him. Not surprisingly, he becomes a sort of ball, kicked each other two opposing sides (or even three), and they are the hero or hate or despise. And yes, there is still a love line, which is very indirectly associated with the main action or it is just basic ?! In general, it is unclear whether the author nakidal political background to his work for weight, or dragged love to interest more readers heroine of the novel (the sister) again caused a rejection. Whatever was my impression tasteless porridge. First, of course, I sincerely grabbed at different strings, trying to clean up all the topics covered. And then I decided that the reader should not be held responsible for the vagueness of copyright statements. We will write a custom essay sample on Snow Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Snow Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Snow Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer PS. Still do not want to be categorical because Pamuk is already worthy of respect even for trying to raise certain issues, it is obvious that he was given the Nobel Prize for political reasons. So be sure to anything else out of it count. Snow Review Essay Example Snow Review Paper Essay on Snow Works of O. Pamuk is not new to the modern reader. A couple of years ago was the interest of the audience to concentrate on the work of this author. Im due to its somewhat skeptical attitude toward the modern and fashionable literature for a long time avoided the side shelves in bookstores, where are the works of O. Pamuk. However, now it is the time X when curiosity triumphed over looks, and I took note of the same with the book Snow by Orhan Pamuk. So, some of my impressions from reading Coming to a bookstore or viewing online -. Directories of any potential reader, selecting a book on their taste preferences, focused either on the popularity of the authors name, or drew attention to the layout of the original, or it may not pass bright and promising names. It (the name that is) sometimes very eloquent. In our case, the author is not particularly wise, and gave its name to the room for the readers imagination. Snow sounds quite attractive and at the same time attractive. A cover coupled with the annotation even have some claim to the depth research on the East. So for these points is definitely a plus. We will write a custom essay sample on Snow Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Snow Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Snow Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now, about the literary written. Language. Of course, all of those claims, koi, Im going to sound rather refer to the translation, rather than to the author himself, but who knows maybe its because it was conceived and written in the authors version? Again, the language written. The most important and significant drawback of this work, I would call it the language of narrative, overloaded unnecessarily cumbersome sentences. The author or translator (?) Got carried away playing with words. Offers built, and maybe translated as ugly and convoluted that, roughly speaking, slowly approaching the epilogue, forgets what it was in the prologue. All would be perceived much more harmonious if many proposals rid of everything unnecessary. The plot is very interesting that in fact, and had he not been so hard for all encrypted redundant descriptions, the product is much easier to read, and described the scenery better shape in the imagination. If the squeeze at least one-third of a point, then the product would benefit in th e content. But we have what we have. Heroes. Regarding this product heroes, I can say that there are readers waiting for some strange dissonance. Heroes Islamists came from the pen of the author of a very vibrant, true. The author very clearly, precisely and meticulously describes the locations of each character, regardless of whether you need it or not. Brief life stories of all the characters are so brief in nature, that at times it seems that the characters very, very much. It may be a good thing, but the fact that so vividly described at the secondary characters, we found a faded main character does not pass unnoticed and cause a lot of questions. Ka turned infantile, sluggish and just not to know what exactly he wants from life. A strange and unpleasant type. At least for me. The plot. I will not say much about the plot. Probably, Snow useful book to look at the issues and the internal way of the East from a different angle -. Eyes Easterner Coming up to the end, I can say that for the entire period, until I read this book , did not leave me a strong feeling that Pamuk wrote this work is not for readers, but only for themselves. He so enjoyed the whole process that the reader simply remained overboard. It is noticeable that in some places the author has honed his literary talent, it fell into the long rant, is defining its attitude to the described. So, perhaps, is estimated at three points out of five unknown. All those who have not yet read Snow, Pamuk, a pleasant reading!