Tuesday, May 26, 2020

A Short Note On Anti Internet Surveillance Speech - 894 Words

Nick Foker AP English Lang, Period C Ms. Pringle March 2, 2016 Anti-Internet Surveillance Speech There is a massive amount of videos online devoted to an experience that most of you have probably experienced; it is an experience where a person, thinking they are alone, engages in some expressive behavior, such as dancing or singing, only to discover that they are not alone, that there is someone watching them. This discovery often causes them to immediately stop what they are doing and recoil in shame and embarrassment, the sense of privacy that allowed them to express themselves gone. Similarly, when Edward Snowden exposed how the government has turned the Internet, once known as a revolutionary tool for self-expression and freedom, into a tool for mass surveillance, Internet users recoiled in horror because they realized that their sense of privacy was completely false much like the people in those videos. Why is privacy so important to us? The desire for privacy is ingrained into our minds and when we do not have privacy our behavior is vastly different. Think to yoursel f- do you behave differently by yourself than when you are with other people? Most likely, the answer is yes. This is an example of the power of shame and the desire to conform to the rest of society. When we take away privacy, we lose our true selves and are restricted in our behavior. This idea can be applied to online privacy, too. Would you visit the same websites if you were using yourShow MoreRelatedCensorship And The Media Of Censorship1407 Words   |  6 Pagesentities. The advent of social media and cell phones have created new avenues for people to communicate and share information; The internet provides people a new and global way to spread information that can be considered worthy of censorship. Many people I know argue that censorship should not be commonplace in the media, in social media, or even in the entire Internet. Public’s right to privacy and censorship awareness is a very real thing we should come to realize and analyze. Censorship affectsRead Mo reThe Liberties, Ideologies, And Effects Of Hacktivism1699 Words   |  7 Pageswhether or not it will eventually become a lawful form of protest, or will cyberprotest be officially acknowledged as cybercrime, and treated as such? Introduction Today s society is obviously one obsessed with technology. Internet users are as diverse as the Internet itself. Still, there is a strong stereotype surrounding the word â€Å"hacker†. Most people think that hackers are crouched in a dark corner, typing on a computer. In reality, hackers are a variety of people, with a range of reasonsRead MoreCensorship: An Obstacle for True Democracy1869 Words   |  8 Pagesknows that China censors their web traffic and so does the Chinese public, so its important to look at the reasons behind Chinese internet censorship, both from a face value justification that the Chinese government might ascertain as well as the more corrupt authoritarian reasons that the Chinese Communist Party would rather people didnt know about. In, â€Å"Internet Censorship in China† Joseph House looks at two possible reasons for Chinas rampant censorship. He cites Andrew Nathans theory of authoritarianRead MoreGovernment Surveillance5539 Words   |  23 PagesGovernment Surveillance Imagine a world where your every move was being monitored. A dark world where it is no secret who you are, where you have been and who you associate with; now include who you love, who you pray to and what you just ate for dinner. The word privacy doesn’t exist in such world and it is such world that we are heading to.â€Å"Big Brother is watching you!† This quote by George Orwell couldn’t have been truer. Every aspect of our lives is being sorted through as Big Data this veryRead MoreIs The Lone Wolf Terrorists? Essay1964 Words   |  8 PagesNote: In this paper, a ‘lone wolf’ will be defined using Ramà ³n Spaaij’s definition stated as â€Å"Lone wolf terrorism involves terrorist attacks carried out by persons who (a) operate individually, (b) do not belong to an organized terrorist group or network, and (c) whose modi operandi are conceived and directed by the individual without any direct outside command or hierarchy.† In the modern world there are many threats to multicultural democracies, from economic problems to Donald Trump’s candidacyRead MoreImpacts of Information Technology on Individuals, Organizations and Societies21097 Words   |  85 Pageslatest films. They accepted the idea of paying for their movies. However, movie piracy, which has been greatly accelerated by information technology, is challenging this notion. Now, movie pirates are bringing the latest motion picture releases to an Internet-connected computer near you. For years, movie studios suffered minor losses due to high-tech piracy (theft of digital content) that was carried out by people duplicating videotapes and DVDs. The need to produce and distribute physical media presentedRead MoreNew World Order in Conspiracy Theory13987 Words   |  56 Pageson-going plot to achieve world domination through  secret political gatherings  and decision-making processes.[2][3][4][5][6] Prior to the early 1990s, New World Order  conspiracism  was limited to two American countercultures, primarily the  militantly anti-government right, and secondarily  fundamentalist Christians  concerned with  end-time  emergence of the  Antichrist.[7]  Skeptics, such as  Michael Barkun  andChip Berlet, have expressed concern that  right-wing  conspiracy theories about a New World OrderRead MoreGraduated Response Plan5237 Words   |  21 PagesCARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY The Graduated Response System Issues, Benefits and Alternative approach Anik K Singh 8/11/2012 The Graduated Response System INTRODUCTION The growth of internet and its ever increasing pervasiveness has caused extensive digitization of copyrighted content not limited to a single format and subsequently an increase in online piracy. This combined with the advent of P2P file sharing mechanisms as a massive means of infringement practice has led to a paradigmRead MoreEthical and Social Issues in Information Systems20165 Words   |  81 Pagesare raised by information systems. 2. Identify the main moral dimensions of an information society and specific principles for conduct that can be used to guide ethical decisions. 3. Evaluate the impact of contemporary information systems and the Internet on the protection of individual privacy and intellectual property. 4. Assess how information systems have affected everyday life. CHAPTER OUTLINE 4.1 UNDERSTANDING ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO SYSTEMS A Model for Thinking About EthicalRead MoreLegal Studies8128 Words   |  33 Pagesunwanted sexual contact.) - Sexual assault can occur even when consent is given, the age of consent in nsw is 16 years , if a person if over 16 and has sexual intercourse with a person under 16 years old they can be charged with statutory rape. -Also note this consent doesnt mean anything if it was given under duress or the victim didnt understand they were giving consent for sex. -Also casuing a person to be drunk or drugged to have sex with them is considered an offence. -Maximum penalty for sexual

Friday, May 15, 2020

What Is The Marker Of Well Being - 1595 Words

What is the marker of well-being? How does someone know if his or her well-being is where it should be? Most adults would have a hard time answering this question; the idea of well-being is so ambiguous, so subjective, that it is hard to give it a single definition. What is known about well-being is that it is made up of a variety of factors; it is made up of social, psychological and physical aspects, all of which interact to form someone’s level of wellness. However, if adults cannot fully grasp this concept, how could it be expected of children? After the parents, early childhood educators are arguably the most influential adults in a child’s life. Therefore it is imperative that educators be as up to date as possible on new practices†¦show more content†¦While each of these factors of health are important in their own right, without sleep, a child cannot function well enough to learn how to manage stress or to eat correctly. Thus, the first marker of wellne ss that will be discussed is that of sleep. The first children’s book regarding sleep habits is titled Don’t Turn the Page (2014), written by Rachelle Burk. This story follows a mother and daughter porcupine as Sami, the child, gets ready for bed. Throughout the text, Sami is read a book by her mother about a little bear getting ready for bed as well; although Sami does not wish to sleep when she first starts listening to the story, it is not long before she begins copying the actions of the book character, brushing her teeth, putting her pyjamas on, and drinking a glass of water. Mindell et al. confirm the importance of a bedtime routine in children, stating â€Å"children fell asleep faster following the institution of the consistent bedtime routine, and there were improvements in bedtime behaviours† (2009, p. 604). As we see in Don’t Turn the Page, Sami is resistant to bedtime at first, but as she participates in the usual routine, signals are sent to her brain that it is time to wind down and get into bed. Another professional, Doctor Donna Hall, corroborates this importance, reminding parents of the usefulness of routines, but also stressing that one should be flexible if need be (Hall, 2008). Sami and her mother also take the timeShow MoreRelatedHow Permanent Are Permanet Markers1589 Words   |  7 Pagesfigured out what solvent would work best to erase permanent marker. The solvents I tested were: lemon juice, vinegar, water, and rubbing alcohol. I tried each of these solvents on a permanent marker line on plastic, paper, fabric, and wood. In this research paper, I will be talking about what a permanent marker is, how they are made, why they work so well, what rubbing alcohol is and its common uses, what vinegar is and its common uses, what water is and why water is so essential, and what exactly lemonRead MoreHip Fracture Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Introduction: The relationships between serum N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen [P1NP], a marker of bone formation, with metabolic and clinical factors have rarely been determined and remain unclear. Aims: To evaluate in patients with a hip fracture the association between serum P1NP concentration (on admission) and clinical characteristics as well as short-term outcomes. Materials and Methods: In 445 consecutive older patients (mean age 82.9 ±8.5years, 331females) admittedRead MoreThe Sustainability Move At Tyson1123 Words   |  5 Pagescommunities, the environment, and even children which is what their CSR strategies focus on (Sustainability). They also have incorporated their CSR into their business operations by taking care of where their food comes from, how it is processed, and the safety of consumers using their products (Environment). The Evaluations Crayola Crayola started CSR initiative, ColorCycle, where kids can turn in their plastic markers to be recycled, whatever the marker brand is (Thompson). Crayola decided they would handleRead MoreHuman Cells And The Human Body1747 Words   |  7 Pagesmechanism behind what caused the induction of collecting duct versus other kidney progenitors like the nephrons for instance. As a result of this finding, kidney organoids were formed which were segmented into distal and proximal tubules, loops of Henle, glomeruli, and podocytes which establish a vascularization network. This study is important in near future because it can be used as a model for generating other human organs that can be used for transplants, therapeutic and drug research as well as nephrotoxicityRead MoreDifferences Between Internal and External Motivation1260 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences between Internal and External Motivation When asking the question what is the difference between internal and external motivation?, one may assume that the answer is simple. At first glance, one would simply say that internal motivation is something that someone uses to motivate themselves from within. In the same sense, one would say that external motivation is something that a person would use to motivate others to accomplish a task or achieve a certain goal. InternalRead MoreTaking A Vacation Can Do Wonders For You And Your Family917 Words   |  4 Pagessummertime. Here’s what I learned when I visited the Four Corner Monument during my break. Discover the Region History: The genesis of Four Corners as a novelty on a map back to 1846, when the U.S. Army invaded and defeated Mexico in the Mexican-American War. Furthermore, with the treaty of Guadalupe y Hidalgo in place, the U.S. gained control of California, Nevada, and Utah as well as parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming. The original survey monument, a sandstone marker, was erectedRead MoreThe Effects Of Patch Light Displays On The Individual s Gender, Emotional State, And Physical Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesto portray and reveal an individual’s gender, emotional state, and physical movement. They have also been used to study a person’s intent of action as well as their motives behind their actions. As Blakemore and Decety state, â€Å"Humans have an inherent ability to understand other people’s minds. This process is a component of a ‘theory of mind,’ a well-researched topic in both developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscienc e. Theory-of-mind research and theory has mainly been applied to high-levelRead MoreEssay on The Never Changing Society1420 Words   |  6 Pagesmatter of greed. Large corporations will put on different facades to attract different types of people to buy their product. This is core behind the idea of advertising. People change because society changes and therefore their interests change as well. To survive, companies need to appeal to the new interests by focusing their product to the new market of people. If you cannot appeal to the new interest your company will surely be doomed. Take for instance the car companies of the 1920’s. Ford firstRead MoreThe World Of My Education923 Words   |  4 Pageshow people value things that are rare or very expensive, paying no attention at all to their intrinsic value. People buy things they want and need but sometimes they don’t know how to manage it wisely. What people need is a sensible perspective on what is of actual value to them as worthy human beings. Relating to the worthiness of a person, in our culture, sadly, I think most of us believe we are not enough because our worth needs to be constantly earned. There is a continual striving to do more,Read MoreWhy Learning Theories Are Relative And How They Affect Behavior Essay1647 Wor ds   |  7 Pagesexplain how this learning process takes place, numerous theories about learning have been and continue to be developed as a way to further define this process. A theory, though defined many ways, can be understood simply as an idea, with a definition of what the idea is about (Knowles, Swanson, Holton, 2012). However these ideas or theories, depending on their supporting data, can be regarded as a tool useful in the purpose of educational instruction or they can be completely valueless and discarded.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The New United States Constitution of 1787 - 1097 Words

An article of Confederation was adopted by the Continental Congress, on November 15, 1777. It was the first constitution of America. Though, ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not take place until March 1, 1781. After some all the states realised that article of Confederation is inadequate to resolve the national and international issues. As a result on March 4, 1789, Articles of Confederation was replaced by the new Constitution of 1787. This new constitution was signed by the members of the Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia. In new constitution, members tried to strengthen the central government. The new constitution was the demand of time. It was more practical. It was broader than the article of Confederation. Under article of Confederation, states were free to form their military. But under new Constitution of 1787, this power was taken from states and given to centre. In new constitution, foreign affair and d efence department was given to federal government. No state was given power to sign treaties with other nations. Some changes were also brought in the composition of congress under new constitution. Now, seats in congress were decided on the basis of population of each state. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation †¢ Each state only had one vote in Congress, regardless of size. †¢ Congress had not the power impose tax on states. †¢ Congress did not have the authority to control foreignShow MoreRelatedThe Making of the Constitution Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe Making of the Constitution The Constitution of the United States, the fundamental law of the United States of America. Drafted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pa., between May 25 and Sept. 17, 1787, it is the worlds oldest written constitution still in effect. The document presents a set of general principles out of which implementing statutes and codes have emerged. As such, it embodies the essence of constitutionality--that government must beRead MoreGorn Chapter 5 Questions Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesGorn Chapter 5 Response Paper 1. What powers awarded to congress in the Constitution of 1787 would an Anti- Federalist be most likely to oppose? Anti- Federalist were against the Constitution all together but most of all, I think the Anti-Federalist were against the fact that the state government’s would no longer have as much power like it did with the Articles of Confederation. The constitution supported the idea of a powerful and strong central government. The congress had the power toRead MoreHistory Of The Constitution, The Foundation Of Our National Government1323 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish III 20 April 2015 History of the Constitution The U.S. constitution is the foundation of our national government. On September 17, 1787 it was signed by the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia (The U.S. Constitution). By signing this, the Constitution replaced the first governing document called the Articles of Confederation. Before it could be passed, it had to be ratified by nine of the thirteen states. Soon after the Constitution was finally ratified, in 1791 the governmentRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Serving As The Foundation For The Us Constitution1520 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1781, the thirteen independent states of America had been bound together by the Articles of Confederation. Under this document, the Continental Congress had successfully waged war, made alliances, secured loans, negotiated peace with Great Britain, and passed the Northwest Ordinance. This document served as the foundation for the United States Constitution, which was ratified in 1787. This ratification process took pl ace over 200 years ago. Since that time, most modern-day Americans have assumedRead MoreThe Rights We Now Have Because Of Our Forefathers1505 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom our ancestors started with the Articles of confederation. Although it wasn’t strong enough history followed with the Constitution. Many people played a role in the development and this paper will examine the Federalists and their counterparts the non-federalist. This paper will also show the timeline pertaining to the articles of confederation and compare it to the constitution. To believe in something we need to understand why we need to do it in the first place. Why do we need to be governed andRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation Needed930 Words   |  4 Pagesconduct domestic responsibilities such as taxation and regulation of commerce, caused the United States to become bankrupt. Eventually, the new country was faced with the daunting task to greatly alter the Articles of Confederation. In February 1787, America finally persuaded the Continental Congress to convene at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from May 15, 1776 to September 17, 1787, which would eventually lead to the various debates concerning the problems that faced theRead MoreConstitution Timeline1067 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution Timeline! There are five particular documents that led to the development and the signing of the United States Constitution. They are the Magna Carta, the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the Federalists Papers. This paper will be discussing these documents and be stating if and how they impacted the United States constitution. Then it will be stating when the Unites States Constitution was finalized and passed and signed. Then thereRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe substratum for that country. A Constitution can be defined as a document that is the substratum of the country’s principles. Elements in the Constitution may contain sundry information. Which can include: how many terms a leader may serve, what rights the citizens have, how the judicial system works, etc. The United States in no different from those countries. Every constitution is different, no country has the exact constitution a s another. The U.S Constitution is a four-page document detailingRead MoreThe Debate Over The Method Of Constitutional Interpretation1556 Words   |  7 Pagesone side, contenders of a loose interpretation argue that our understanding of the Constitution adapt with our society today and new developments that have been formed since it was first written. Conversely, strict constructionists argue that the interpretation of the Constitution must be based off of what is plainly written in the Constitution- nothing more and nothing less. The purpose of the Founding Fathers in 1787 was to construct a document that they believed would help pave the way for the AmericanRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States1092 Words   |  5 Pagesby the state on March 1, 1781. The Articles of Confederation were a respectful effort by a new country and to create an ideal national government. Although to some states that form of government was not happy because the Articles of Confederation will so on become a disadvantage. The Constitution Of United States was established in 1787. The Constitution of United States was written as a set of rules for this country. Many of the â€Å"rules† have helped the country stay in order. The constitution gave more

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

In order to be a true tragedy Essay Example For Students

In order to be a true tragedy Essay Honore de Balzacs Pere Goriot although being a story filled with sadness and the downfall of people in power can never be defined as a tragedy. There is no doubt that Honore de Balzacs Pere Goriot tells a sad tale, almost to the point of being tragic, but it is no tragedy. Too often are stories with sad endings end up being labeled as tragedies because of nescience. The rules that define a tragedy are extremely specific, and Pere Goriot does not fit enough of them. First of all it is imperative to mention that this book is part of Balzacs Comedie Humaine, or the Human Comedy. The origional intent of this novel was to show the folly of humanity. It is little more than documentation of what people are like. Pere Goriot was never meant to be a tragedy. It is true that there is no one definition of tragedy. The concept has been defined and redefined multiple times over the years by countless literary critics, but there are two descriptions that are held above others. The first and foremost comes from Aristotle. In the fifth century Aristotle became the father of literary criticism by writing his poetics. In them, he wrote the first complete definition of tragedy. For centuries, Aristotles definition of tragedy had been accepted as unalterable fact. Only in the past hundred years have Aristotles ideas been challenged. Arthur Miller is most famous for his re-writing of the definition of tragedy in various essays and plays. It has long been argued which definition is correct, but for the purposes of this argument both will be analysed. Any search for the meaning of a word should begin with the dictionary. The Oxford dictionary describes tragedy as merely, drama of elevated theme and diction and with unhappy ending; sad event, serious a ccident, calamity. Going through each of these components one by one, we will find that Pere Goriot applies to too few of them to be considered a tradegy. In Balzacs writing, there can always be found elevated theme and diction, but those two factors do not make a tragedy by themselves. They may be present in any genre. It is also true that the ending is an unhappy one, but the entire novel is fairly unhappy. Besides, despite Goriots death a the closing of the book being a bit depressing for the reader, Goriot himself is the most delighted hes been throughout the entire novel. In believing that his daughters are with him at his deathbed he is happy, so even though it is not a joyous ending to the story, it is a joyous end for the protagonist. Also, Eugene de Rastignacs show of strength in the last paragraph changes the feeling of the ending. His challenge to the city, Henceforth there is a war between us, is not one derived from pity or mourning. All emotion at the very end is shifted from sadness to a sense of animosity and revenge, so even though majority of the ending is despondant, the reader is left with an entirely different feeling when finished with the novel. Yes, the book does contain sad events, but again, that alone does not make it a tragedy. Sad events are present in every story, or at least every story worth telling. However, the novel is devoid of both serious action and calamity, and is fairly calm all of the way through. So, Pere Goriot barely even has the qualities of this meager dictionary definition. In his poetics, Aristotle explained that in a tragic play the protagonist, or tragic hero, must start off at an elevated status, and through some tragic flaw of his own, must come to a downfall before the end of the story, and most importantly the protagonists fall must arouse pity and fear, where with to accomplish its catharsis. The rising action, climax and denoument are very important in this form of story-telling because the stark contrast of the first half to the second half helps to create the feelings of pity and fear that Aristotle requires. Although the poetics are often thought of as the end-all be-all in defining trage dy, they were written after the last of the great fifth century plays, examples were taken from several plays, but the book was mainly based on Sophocles Oedipus Rex. So, when looking at a piece in another culture and time frame, only the core message can be used to analyse any modern piece. .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 , .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .postImageUrl , .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 , .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918:hover , .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918:visited , .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918:active { border:0!important; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918:active , .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918 .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03f69c0dd1be9e00e76e57c93130e918:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Steam Engines EssayThe novel begins at the Maison Vaquer with Goriot at the lowest point in his life, he is physically, mentally, and socially broken. Although it is revealed later in the novel that he was, in the past, wealthy and contented, Aristotles definition dictates that the piece of literature must begin at a high point, not that a man who deals in pasta would ever qualify as nobility. It is also lacking the symmetrical structure that Aristotle desires in plays. In using a retrospective technique Balzac throws off the rhythm and balance. With Pere Goriot starting at Maison Vaquer, the book is devoid of the rising action, and climax of Goriots life.Some have argued that Pere Goriot is indeed tragic because the protagonist possessed the tragic flaw of love. This, however, cannot be true. First of all, the term tragic flaw requires that the thing be a flaw, and love is surely not a flaw. Furthermore, Goriot does not display any signs of pride, avarice, or any other sins that may have lead to his downfall. Without a tragic flaw, he cannot be a tragic hero. Much of Arthur Millers contribution to tragedy can be found in his essay, Tragedy and the Common Man. He states that, As a general ruletragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thinghis sense of personal dignity. From Orestes to Hamlet, Medea to Macbeth, the underlying struggles that of the individual attempting to gain his rightful position in his society. Miller also believed, in stark contrast to the dictionary, that tragedy does not have to be linked to pessimism per se, but to optimism. The story s hould not reinforce a hatred of humanity, or its foibles, but instead its final result ought to be the reinforcement of the onlookers brightest opinions of the human animal. Miller believes that the tragedy comes from characters ready to lay down their lives. Goriot did give all that he could give to his daughters, but he did not give them his life, and he did not give them everything; he had kept enough for himself to live on. The loss of his luxuries and dignity may have been the cause of his death, but even if it were, he did not give away his wealth knowing that it would be the end of him. In fact, he gave away everything thinking that in the end his daughters would repay him for his generosity. He goes on further to say that tragic heros sacrifice their lives in order to gain their rightful position in society. Pere Goriots motivation had nothing to do with helping himself. He was quite content with his lot in life before he started giving all of his money away to his daughters . There was no selfish reason for him to do it. He had acted only out of love for his daughters. The novel does not evoke any feelings of love for humanity, nor does it reinforce any positive opinions of humanity. Miller states that tragedy implies more optimism and if so, Pere Goriot is no tragedy. There is no sense of hope in this book, if there ever was the characters have proven to be beyond all hope. Having been shunned from it too many times, Balzac could not have been optimistic on the subject of french high society. So, there we have it. A piece of writing cannot be a tragedy unless it applies to the rules of tragedy. Out of the definitions given by the Oxford dictionary, Aristotle and Arthur Miller, Pere Goriot has applied to none, therefore it is not, and can never be a tragedy.